Then said Elkanah her husband to her, Hannah, why weepest thou? 34. Thus, Alter observes, There is a series of recurrent narrative episodes attached to the careers of biblical heroes that . Characterization: Husband and Wife. This response is identical to Abrahams willing acceptance of the Lords calling at the patriarchs great test of faith.67. . This story is related to the account of Samuel as judge in chapters 7 and 12, and he is clearly presented as the last of the judges; it is indicated that the system of the judges was rejected by the Israelites not because of its failure but because of their worldliness. As a result, Elis extended family are cursed to beg for their sustenance in the future (2:1217, 36). And she vowed a vow, and said, O Lord of hosts, if thou wilt indeed look on the affliction of thine handmaid, and remember me, and not forget thine handmaid, but wilt give unto thine handmaid a man child, then I will give him unto the Lord all the days of his life, and there shall no razor come upon his head. 3. Regardless of her initial vow, following his birth she cannot not be his mother; that is, she cannot give him up in the usual senses of the verb.43 Attempting to do so would be a repudiation of her sacred maternal role. As crafted, the account of Samuels calling corrects Israels general spiritual malaise (see 3:1), makes explicit Samuels newfound, firsthand knowledge of God (see 3:7), and establishes Samuels role as prophet of the Lord among all Israel (3:20, 4:1a). Brought to the Temple at Shiloh as a young child to serve God in Inquiring of the oracle would have been a priestly function, and so there is an intimation here of some sort of breakdown in the professional performance of the house of Eli. WebChildhood obesity increases the risk of developing metabolic syndrome later in life. Samuel is a miracle child. And the Lord called yet again, Samuel. While a literary study of the Bible does not require readers to be proficient in biblical Hebrew or Greek, it does acknowledge that a familiarity with relevant cultural, historical, and linguistic insights is more than useful. My heart rejoiceth in the Lord, mine horn is exalted in the Lord: my mouth is enlarged over mine enemies; because I rejoice in thy salvation. These are known by the technical German term Leitwort. They that were full have hired out themselves for bread (2:5) anticipates Gods curse of Elis house, discussed below, in part because Elis sons and perhaps Eli himself had abused the sacrificial offering to satisfy their gluttony. . By the revelation of Yahweh, however, he anointed Saul king and installed him before all Israel (chapters 910). The always busy Keke Palmer has added a new title to her long list of credits, and this one is much more important than all the others. 50. Characterization: Priest and Suppliant. Commenting on Elis deficiencies, McCarter, I Samuel, 100, observes, It is time for the apprentice to replace the master. And thou shalt see an enemy in my habitation, in all the wealth which God shall give Israel: and there shall not be an old man in thine house for ever. The Lord maketh poor, and maketh rich: he bringeth low, and lifteth up. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Samuel-Hebrew-prophet. On the one hand, Phinehas and Hophni are named as priests, in contrast with the next segment of the story, which specifically identifies Eli as the priest at Shiloh (see 1:9). Updates? Structuring Devices: Conjunctions. Broad perspectives, which Alter collectively calls narration, provide the authors commentary and expositionintroduce spatial, social, and temporal contexts and detail the relationship of the particular story to the larger narrative of biblical Israel. The present study emphasizes how the narrator crafts individual characters primarily in terms of their social roles in the story, in particular how they complement and contrast with other, related characters. In ancient Israel, children were considered a clear sign of Gods blessing (see Psalm 127:3 ). Furthermore, mood disorders are also commonly related to childhood trauma, affecting a child's functioning in many ways. And the Lord came, and stood, and called as at other times, Samuel, Samuel. That the narrator of 1Samuel 13 instructively employs this convention is evident from the paired customary behaviors of eating/drinking and fasting, on the one hand, and hearing and seeing, on the other. Possible extrinsic reasons for the placement of Hannahs song within the narrative are found in Weitzman, Song, 11415. . If the author of 1Samuel13 drew conscious connections with the stories of holy men and women of the Hebrew and Christian Bibles, then he must have had prior knowledge of and access to them. In stark contrast with Elis general neglect of his sons, in spite of their physical and functional proximity, the narrator specifically mentions Hannahs continued watch care over her first born, in spite of their physical and functional distance.54 Punctuating the vignettes that contrast the faithfulness of Eli and Hannah, the narrator comments on Samuels progressively auspicious service at the temple, reinforcing the intended contrast between old and new priest.55 While not a prerequisite for Samuels ascension, Elis fall serves as a foil for it.56, Leitwrter: give and lend. . Born into slavery around 1723, Attucks was believed to be the son of Prince Yonger, a enslaved person shipped to America from Africa, and Nancy Attucks, a Natick Indian. See McCarter, ISamuel, 72 n.5; see also Alter, Moses, 269 n.27; 307 n.5. The catalytic event of this narrativeHannahs vow and the Lords favorable responsebegins and ends with the verb zakhor, translated remember. The ancient designation of the two books of Samuel does not indicate that he is the author (in fact, his death is related in 1 Samuel 25) or the hero of the books; indeed, it is difficult to deduce what the title was intended to mean. For example, is Eli, the father, the chief priest in the hereditary office? Then Samuel answered, Speak; for thy servant heareth. Thus, Samuel is rightly considered to be one of the preeminent personalities of the Hebrew Bible, and his remarkable ministry makes the brief narrative of his birth, childhood, and divine calling worthy of serious examination.3, The present study argues that the literary craftsmanship of the text is as expressive of its meaning as are its descriptive contents. Although [Hannah] is undoubtedly the heroine of our [birth] narrative, and even though Samuels role in it is secondary and passive, the story ultimately focuses not on her but on him. Simon, Prophetic Narratives, 33. . The narrators specific comment that the priests eyes began to wax dim, that he could not see follows immediately the narrators general spiritual indictment of Israel: And the word of the Lord was precious [that is, rare] in those days; there was no open vision.66 In response to this array of sensory deficiencies, the Lord launches his first instruction to Samuel with the declaration, Behold, I will do a thing in Israel, at which both the ears of every one that heareth it shall tingle (3:11). Indeed, its authors4 meaningful intentions may be revealed more in the accounts rhetorical and poetic than in its documentary qualities. Wherefore the sin of the young men was very great before the Lord: for men abhorred the offering of the Lord. (1:2028). In the Samuel story, the narrator uses the verb amen, translated establish, in order to prefigure Samuels auspicious priestly career in the voice of his faithful fatheronly the Lord establish his word (1:23)and to launch Samuels public ministry at the storys climax: And all Israel from Dan even to Beer-sheba knew that Samuel was established to be a prophet of the Lord. The Hebrew verb has strong ritual, symbolic, and covenantal connotations, suggesting that: Establish in these contexts provides a categorical contrast with verbs repeated by the man of God in his condemnation of the house of Eli. Birth Country: United States Gender: Male Best Known For: American Founding Father Samuel Adams helped organize the Boston Tea Party and signed the The king is chosen not by divine election but by lot, implying that no special qualities were required, and the bashful candidate has to be summoned from a hiding place. In fact, it places her within a small but crucial cadre of womenmost notably Rebekah, Tamar, and Ruthwhose own unprecedented spiritual initiatives eventually and distinctively transform biblical Israel.24 Traditional readers of the Samuel story would have recognized the intended craftsmanship of the text for this exceptional interpretive purpose. And the man Elkanah, and all his house, went up to offer unto the Lord the yearly sacrifice, and his vow. The key points relevant to the present study are that (1)type scenes are a common literary convention of the Hebrew and Christian Bibles, (2)1Samuel 13 shows abundant evidence of the likely intentional use of this convention, and (3)type scenes enhance considerably the spiritual significance of the Samuel account. And the child Samuel grew before the Lord. Give, 18390. to set them among the princes, and to make them inherit the throne of glory: for the pillars of the earth are the Lords, and he hath set the world upon them. For one, A full gift of her son means not conveying him to the House of the Lord while he still requires his mother, lest he be a burden there; and perfect fulfillment [of her vow] implies not bringing him to the sanctuary so long as it is impossible to leave him there forever, lest she appear to be violating her vow.44 Therefore, the narrators insertion of the seemingly innocuous exchange between Samuels parents in verses2223. Samuel Gompers (January 27, 1850 December 13, 1924) was a key American labor union leader who founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and served as its president for nearly four decades, from 1886 to 1894, and from 1895 until his death in 1924. Robert Longley. Alter, Ancient Israel, 246 n.26; Simon, Prophetic Narratives, 18. 59. See also Allen Verhey, Remember, Remembrance, in Freedman, Anchor Bible Dictionary, 5:66769; McCarter, ISamuel, 62 n.19; Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi, Zakhor: Jewish History and Jewish Memory (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996), 526; and Alter, Moses, 385 n.3. In his extended analysis of the annunciation type scene in the Hebrew Bible, Simon, Prophetic Narratives, 49, acknowledges the persistent tension between pattern and variation: The pattern that is common to all the stories that belong to a particular genre is sufficiently flexible and varied to allow both full development of the unique nature of every one-time human event as well as variegated rich development of the alternate possibilities latent in the common basic situation. The patriarchal focus of the introduction is really a Hebrew convention that gives the larger account of Samuel a measure of cultural legitimacy.18. And he said, It is the Lord: let him do what seemeth him good. Steven L. Olsen received a bachelors from BYU and a masters degree and PhD from the University of Chicago. 24. Prior to his call, Samuel did not yet know the Lord; neither was the word of the Lord yet revealed unto him.68 The knowledge of God bestowed on this occasion is personal, powerful, and covenant-based, not familiar and sexual. If so, why is he not introduced as such at the outset and why does he play such a passive role in the services at Shiloh? Following the reception of Samuels first prophecy, hearing and seeing figure prominently in the interchange between the priest and his protg: Samuel feared to shew Eli the vision. And the word of Samuel came to allIsrael.. While fascinating in their own right, the historiography and aesthetics of Hannahs song do not concern the present study; rather, my interest is in the songs extensive use of poetic couplets45 and its interpretive role in the structure of the larger narrative. Contrast 1 Samuel 2:11, 18, 21, 26 with 2:1217, 2225. Ancient Eli is almost a tragicomic figure. God is the main character in the narrative, even though he personally appears briefly only onceto call Samuel and give him his first prophecy. Of particular interest is the sequence of events that culminates in Gods initial fulfillment of Hannahs vow: And they rose up in the morning early, and worshipped before the Lord, and returned, and came to their house to Ramah: and Elkanah knew Hannah his wife; and the Lord remembered her.35 In these thirty-three English words, and appears six times. The Hebrew verb describing the union that results in Hannahs miraculous conception is yada, translated knew. So the woman went her way, and did eat, and her countenance was no more sad. Andre LaCocque and Paul Ricoeur, Thinking Biblically: Exegetical and Hermeneutical Studies, trans. . In gratitude she dedicated him to the service of the chief sanctuary of Shiloh, in the charge of the priest Eli. These analogies and contrasts enrich and deepen the rhetorical possibilities and sharpen and intensify the meaning that can be extracted from each individual account and from all of them taken together.. Direct speech is made the chief instrument for revealing the varied and at times nuanced relations of the personages to the actions in which they are implicated. Alter, Art, 66. However, Sternberg, Poetics, 32528, eloquently qualifies Alters perspective. The story of Samuels birth and calling is one of many contributions to this core ideological focus of the Hebrew Bible. . He was a Nazarite, yet broke many rules of the Nazarite vow. Behold, the days come, that I will cut off thine arm, and the arm of thy fathers house, that there shall not be an old man in thine house. Type Scene: Barren Wife. . And they rose up in the morning early, and worshipped before the Lord, and returned, and came to their house to Ramah: and Elkanah knew Hannah his wife; and the Lord remembered her. And when the time was that Elkanah offered, he gave to Peninnah his wife, and to all her sons and her daughters, portions: But unto Hannah he gave a worthy portion; for he loved Hannah: but the Lord had shut up her womb. Hannah gave Samuel to the priest, Eli, so he could be taught to serve the Lord. God, in turn, gives Hannah a man child according to her supplication, who then becomes a prophet unto all Israel. Thus, God manifests his goodness by fulfilling Hannahs vow in ways that she could not possibly have imagined beforehand or accomplished herself. In that day I will perform against Eli all things which I have spoken concerning his house: when I begin, I will also make an end. Thus, Samuels dual descent may have qualified him, in terms of his lineage, to serve as priest as well as prophet and judge during his ministry. Weitzman, Song, 6667, and Polzin, Samuel, 3334, respectively, compare the similarities of Hannahs song with Marys Magnificat and Davids final hymn. 61. As crafted, Samuels initial prophecy confirms the scathing condemnation of Eli by the man of God and inaugurates Samuels own prophetic ministry. Not in Heaven: Coherence and Complexity in Biblical Narrative (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991); and Robert Alter, The Five Books of Moses: A Translation with Commentary (New York: W.W. Norton, 2004), ixxlviii, among many others. For the entirety of his childhood, Bundy was unaware that his sister was actually his mother. The always busy Keke Palmer has added a new title to her long list of credits, and this one is much more important than all the others. Trust vs. Mistrust: This stage occurs between the ages of birth and 1.5 years and is centered on developing a sense of trust in caregivers and the world. Customary Behavior: Hearing and Seeing. Wherefore the Lord God of Israel saith, I said indeed that thy house, and the house of thy father, should walk before me for ever: but now the Lord saith, Be it far from me; for them that honour me I will honour, and they that despise me shall be lightly esteemed. Flashbacks of the Shes a mom! Risking an overly simplistic introduction of this convention, the present study recognizes two general perspectives in the Hebrew Bible, contrasted by scope. In the majority of offenses, cutting off means a cutting out which leads to banishment or excommunication from the cultic community and the covenant people. TDOT, 7:348. The man of God begins his condemnation with the terse authoritative declaration, Thus saith the Lord. He then repeats verbatim every word of the divine message, including the repeated use of first person singular pronouns, as though he speaks precisely in the place of the Lord. All authors, even documentary historians, exercise considerable latitude in crafting their literary creations. On the use of exposition as a literary convention, see Meir Sternberg, Expositional Modes and Temporal Ordering in Fiction (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978). Born in Virginia on March 2, 1793, Houston moved to Tennessee with his mother and eight siblings after his father died when he was 13. And the Lord said to Samuel, Behold, I will do a thing in Israel, at which both the ears of every one that heareth it shall tingle. Type Scene: Female Spiritual Initiative. 46. The institution of kingship comes not from divine revelation but from the request of the elders of Israel, and this request is treated by Samuel as rebellion against Yahweh. The segment opens with a brief narrative of Samuels birth and the continuation of the annual devotional at Ramah, punctuated by Hannahs reflection on the childs naming, which is expressed as direct speech.39 The rest of the segment consists of dialogues between Hannah and Elkanah (1:2223) and between Hannah and Eli (1:2628), with a brief narrative bridge uniting the two scenes (1:2425). Then Eli answered and said, Go in peace: and the Lord God of Israel grant thee thy petition that thou hast asked of him. David is anointed king of Judah with the help of his allies and he makes Hebron as the capital of his new administration. 2 Samuel 2:7. Literary scholars generally recognize that biblical writers developed their characters in fundamentally different ways than most modern writers. 43. (19-20) Samuels miraculous conception and his birth. Also there was peace between Israel and the Amorites (1 Samuel 7:13-14). Samuels life serves as an example for believers today. Key principles include his obedience to God from the time he was a youth, his faith ( Hebrews 11:32) and his willingness to intercede for others ( Jeremiah 15:1 ). And the Lord appeared again in Shiloh: for the Lord revealed himself to Samuel in Shiloh by the word of the Lord. Moreover, Polzin acknowledges the complementarity of all direct speeches in a particular story, regardless of the identity of the speaker. for I hear of your evil dealings by all this people. Children who receive responsive care are able to develop the psychological quality of hope. And the word of the Lord was precious in those days; there was no open vision. Our differences are complementary, not contrastive in nature. This usage introduces another meaningful connotation of the verb, shakab, in relation to yada (know). This internal division in Israel is reflected in the person of Samuel, who stood with most Israelites on both sides of the question. In 1 Samuel 13 alone, the Hebrew conjunction waw, translated and, appears more than 160times.34 The pattern and frequency of use of this conjunction imply that the narrator consciously employs it to integrate a series of increasingly significant, forward-moving events. Structuring Devices: Exposition.The first seven verses of the introduction consist of what Alter calls narrativedescriptive details that locate the story within the broader temporal, spatial, social, and spiritual context of biblical Israel. Characterization: Parents and Children. Count not thine handmaid for a daughter of Belial: for out of the abundance of my complaint and grief have I spoken hitherto. International Standard Version The LORD took note of Hannah, and she became pregnant and gave birth to three sons and two daughters. And Hannah answered and said, No, my lord, I am a woman of a sorrowful spirit: I have drunk neither wine nor strong drink, but have poured out my soul before the Lord. Stephanie Holland. 45. McCarter, I Samuel, 6061 n.11, points out the poetic qualities of Hannahs prayer. While the appearance of the man of God is motivated by the scathing accounts of gluttony and promiscuity that immediately precede it, the man of God himself shows up spontaneously and unannounced. The reiterated and, then, plays an important role in creating the rhythm of the story, in phonetically punctuating the forward driving movement of the prose. We dont know who wrote the books for certain. Wherefore kick ye at my sacrifice and at mine offering, which I have commanded in my habitation; and honourest thy sons above me, to make yourselves fat with the chiefest of all the offerings of Israel my people? 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