Divide the Military KIA column by the Troops column. 1914-18. 3 volumes. About 30 divisions and 2 Armies. Prussia was divided into army-corps districts for the purposes both of administration and of recruitment. Hitler's dog Blondi In 1916 Ludendorff and Hindenburg became joint heads of all German land forces and recognized, as had their predecessor Erich von Falkenhayn, that the war would be won or lost on the Western Front. [14] The military staff grew increasingly powerful, reducing the role of the Minister of War, and increasingly asserted itself in foreign policy decisions. 422, 427, 437. About 100,000 of these men went missing in action. There, men were drafted at age 20 for two or three years of peacetime training in the active army. It would, therefore, be well advised in order to avoid internal difficulties to distract the attention of the people and to give fantasies concerning the extension of German territory room to play. [4] However, the fact that Germany had not been involved in a major war since 1871 meant it was at a disadvantage. Vol. The longer such a war dragged on, the more Germanys enemies would be able to muster their numerically superior military and stronger economies. The German Army in 1914 comprised 25 corps (700,000 men). The heavy artillery was strong, a result of the intense operational occupation with the fortresses in Belgium, France and Russian-Poland prior to 1914. The statistical report is incomplete; it does not list the uncollected last four months of the war. In the Federal Republic of Germany, the term Deutsches Heer identifies the German Army, the land component of the Bundeswehr. At Langemarck in October 1914, during the First Battle of Ypres, some 1,500 young Germans were killed in a frontal assault on a strong Allied position. Combat was by no means the soldiers' main occupation. On the U-boat, a highly specialized crew fought and lived under extremely constricted conditions. The two basic principles of pre-1914 doctrine directive command and combined-arms-tactics had passed the test of war. airplane, Squad resting in the trenches, France 1917-1918, Three German soldiers doing paperwork in Lithuania. [9] Further laws on military duty also used these terms. Up until 1914, all German considerations regarding naval procurement, operational planning for naval warfare, transcontinental communications, and colonial ambitions had been influenced by the naval competition with Great Britain. Heeres-Sanittsinspektion des Reichswehrministeriums (ed. They adopted submarine warfare in 1917, despite the knowledge that it would bring the United States into the war, because it offered a slim hope of quick victory if Triple Entente ships carrying men and supplies could be prevented from reaching France. Reichsarchiv (ed. The Triple Entente commanded the seas, had more than twice the population of Germany and Austria-Hungary, and had access to the worlds natural resources through their empires and close contact with the United States. This article is only a quick analysis of man power in the first World War. Temporary relief came about as a result of the collapse of the Russian army in autumn 1917, though the Bolshevik governments refusal to sign a peace treaty soon led to a resumption of hostilities and a diversion of German forces deep into the Baltic and the Ukraine. The State, Cambridge 2014, pp. Casualties totalled an estimated 1.8 million killed, 2.8 million wounded and 2.4 million taken prisoner. In the east the outmanned German forces, with the help of the Austrians, inflicted a series of costly military defeats on Russia, but, given the vastness of its territory and population, the Central Powers were unable to knock Russia out of the war until after the seizure of power by Lenin in the October Revolution of 1917. The adherence to operational surprise, the dissolution of attack formations, the employment of specially-trained spearhead units (Sturmtruppen), and the use of novel artillery tactics focused on predicted fire instead of preliminary bombardments were the basis for this attempted return to manoeuver warfare in the spring of 1918. For the next six. [18] They did, however, remain organizationally distinct, being able to raise units of their own without assistance from the dominating Prussians. The navy had long been the younger and smaller branch of the armed forces in Germany. As the stakes grew higher and the game more dangerous, no player felt able to leave the table. The Imperial German Army (18711919), officially referred to as the German Army (German: Deutsches Heer[8]), was the unified ground and air force of the German Empire. In 1905, when the Morocco affair was roiling international politics, the chief of the General staff Alfred von Schlieffen called for a preventive war against France. Austria-Hungary and Germany together provided more than 80% of the troops. With almost a million fresh American troops in France, the Allies launched a counterattack that quickly gave them the initiative. Gnter Wegner, Stellenbesetzung der deutschen Heere 18151939. The Army set prices and labor exemptions, regulated the supply of credit and raw materials, limited patent rights so as to allow cross-licensing among firms, and supervised managementlabor relationships. On the outbreak of war the command organizations of the district became that of a corps in the field. Pingback:World War I: Troop Statistics - Canadian Raelian Movement, Pingback:World War I: Troop Statistics - United States Raelian Movement, Also Istanbul is a city that is in Turkey (formerly Ottoman Empire), Or Constantinople. The Allies superior resources were not alone enough to win the war, but the combination of the stalling of the German offensive in mid-July and the Allies' counter-offensive at the same time helped turn the tide. Vol. The General Staff system, which sought to institutionalize military excellence, was the main result. These divisions were all mobilized in August 1914. The corps consisted of two or more divisions and various support troops, covering a geographical area. They fought in this dangerous position until battered into a state of uselessness. The military, especially the navy, became a highly respected occupation for candidates with a bourgeois background. Several German armies and national contingents, including Prussia and Bavaria, traditionally used two different captain ranks that originated with the ownership of units. On August 8 the German army suffered a severe defeat in northern France, and not long thereafter William II installed a new, more liberal government in Berlin, headed by Maximilian, Prinz von Baden. The German Empire was formed by 38 duchies and kingdoms each with their traditions of warfare. The heaviest loss of life for a single day occurred on July 1, 1916, during the Battle of the Somme, when the British Army suffered 57,470 casualties. Demeter, Karl: Das deutsche Offizierkorps in Gesellschaft und Staat 1650-1945, Frankfurt am Main 1965. However, the declaration of unrestricted submarine warfare triggered the United States' entry into the war, and the constriction of Britain's channels of commerce did not work out as planned. 12, 72. During World War I, a higher command level, the army group (Heeresgruppe), was created. Eastern Front; Total War; Treaty of Versailles; War Plans; Western Front, 17 cm quick firing (naval) cannon L/40 in firing position, Pilot with a crashed Hannover CL. The Bad Girls of Nazi Germany: Jenny Wanda The most evil women in history, Ilse Koch. After July 1916, the number of troops on the first line was reduced in order to create a main force and reserves further behind. The casualties suffered by the participants in World War I dwarfed those of previous wars: some 8,500,000 soldiers died as a result of wounds and/or disease. Consequently, the balance of soldiers, materials and gross national product increasingly turned against Germany in the following year. Warfare turned into a specific variant of the industrial process, with a division of labour, management of time and resources, and an increasing specialization of the workforce of war. Reconverting the army to attack-mode in preparation for the 1918 offensives was a particular challenge. The people's resentment was made even worse, because many . During wartime, the staff of the Army inspectorates formed field army commands, which controlled the corps and subordinate units. These statistics, however, are incomplete without including the roughly 670,000 German civilians who died of malnutrition and disease as a consequence of the blockade and the German governments ineffectiveness. [12] Administration was also a major military task in the occupied territories in Belgium, France,Luxembourg, Russia and Romania, where the army had to secure, organize, and exploit huge territories in the interest of the German war effort. No assignment in the navy was more deadly than the service on a submarine. About 95-100 divisions. The field artillery was still catching up with the standard set by the French since 1897. The Great War Infographic of Deaths and Milestones, 41 Questions from Britannicas Most Popular World History Quizzes. Because of the wintry cold, most of the gas froze, but . The innovation in German defensive and offensive tactics between 1916 and 1918 serves as a good example of the potential for transforming military doctrine during war through a discursive learning process that, by design, includes all levels of command. Bismarck never controlled the army, but he did complain vehemently, and the military leaders drew back. The two generals became de facto rulers of Germany and sought the mobilization of the whole society for total war. The regiment was the basic combat unit as well as the recruiting base for soldiers. Juni 1872" in, sfn error: no target: CITEREFMller2016 (, H. E. Fisk, The Inter-Allied Debts (1924) pp 13 & 325 reprinted in Horst Menderhausen, The Economics of War (1943 edition), appendix table II, James Stone, "Spies and diplomats in Bismarcks Germany: collaboration between military intelligence and the Foreign Office, 18711881.". 2,036,897 men were killed or later died of wounds. In the long run, the Central Powers had nearly half the amount of troops fight in World War I. When the infantry managed to cross the lethal zone of no man's land, they employed traditional weapons to fight and kill the enemy: rifles, pistols, hand grenades, bayonets, knives, knuckledusters and a wide range of self-made maces. The Prussian General Staff, proven in battle in the Wars of Unification, became the German General Staff upon the formation of the German Empire, given Prussia's leading role in the German Army. What was the significance of World War I? When the major battle in the west was brewing in April 1918, there were more than a million soldiers in the east to enforce the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Russia. Cf. Das Militr und der Primat der Politik, Paderborn 2007, pp. They were first limited to what they could buy . Lastly, nearly 1 million soldiers became prisoners of war. World War I or the First World War, (28 July 1914 - 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. With major operations restricted to a permanent combat zone, command-and-control-technologies such as radio, telephone, mapping, aerial photography, and signal intelligence were of paramount importance. All subsequent considerations had to adjust to these new realities. The result of this belief was an elaborate operational scheme, the so-called Schlieffenplan. It was also probable that such a war like the Manchurian campaign would lead to temporary phases of stalemate and positional warfare. Quotation page 294. The Constitution of the German Empire, dated April 16, 1871, changed references in the North German Constitution from Federal Army to either Army of the Realm (Reichsheer) or German Army (Deutsches Heer). In the German Empire, diplomatic relations were the responsibility of the Chancellor and his Foreign Minister. The submarines were supposed to break the blockade and attack Britain's oversea commerce within a defined zone of war. Gro, Gerhard Paul/Rahn, Werner (eds. For three and a half years neither side moved more than 30 miles despite titanic battles at Verdun, the Somme, and Ypres. German soldiers, like their counterparts in other armies, fought out of a sense of patriotism, obedience and, (all male) group cohesion that allowed them to endure the ordeals of war. (eds. Ludendorff also mounted a major offensive in April 1918, ignoring Woodrow Wilsons proposal of Fourteen Points for a future peace and failing to offer any peace terms of his own. Hello, Germany was unable to feed itself, and after the severe winter of 191617 malnutrition and even starvation were not uncommon. On even a quiet day on the Western Front, many hundreds of Allied and German soldiers died. Combat, Morale and Collapse in the German and British Armies, 1914-1918, Cambridge 2008. Insurgencies or wars on the peripheries of European empires had influenced Germany's military analysts pre-war assessments only as long as major conventional contingents were involved or such conflicts provided technical or tactical lessons. I believe he came back from the war but got killed crossing the road in London. How many armies did Germany have in WWI? With the High Seas Fleet stymied in the North Sea, the admiralty initiated a change of strategy in February 1915. With the submarine, a new dimension of the war at sea came into existence, raising new legal and moral issues. If all went according to plan, Frances eastern industrial region would be occupied in six to eight weeks and Paris itself surrounded. After Frances capitulation following the occupation of its capital, whole armies would move to the Eastern Front to drive the Russians out. Infantry Divisions They had 5 different type of infantry divisions too. How many troops did Russia have in ww1? Mobilization starting in July 1914 envisaged about 7 German Armies deployed on the French front, 4 in attack, 3 in reserve. With Italy (1915) and Romania (1916) entering the war on the side of the Triple Entente, the Central Powers faced an almost impossible situation in a war of attrition. For a concise discussion on the blockade and for a discussion on the estimated numbers of victims cf. the equivalent of Prime Minister in Britain) and took power over Germany. Epkenhans, Michael/Hillmann, Jrg/Ngler, Frank (eds. The only German response remained a continuous retreat that finally ended with the ceasefire in early November. Also, any reference to the British Empire includes Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United Kingdom. During the First World War, Generalfeldmarschall Paul von Hindenburg increasingly set foreign policy, working directly with the Emperorand indeed shaped his decision-makingleaving the chancellor and civilian officials in the dark. The term "German Army" was used in various legal documents, such as the Military Penal Code, but otherwise, the Prussian, Bavarian, Saxon and Wrttemberg armies maintained distinct identities. Critics long believed that the Army's officer corps was heavily dominated by Junker aristocrats, so that commoners were shunted into low-prestige branches, such as the heavy artillery or supply. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universitt Berlin, Berlin 2014-10-08. How many soldiers died in the trenches in WW1? The most important fighting force in the First World War was the artillery. For the high command, this offered the opportunity for a last big push before U.S. forces arrived on the European continent. Lupfer, Timothy T.: The Dynamics of Doctrine. The navy believed itself to be fully occupied with greater assignments, and the army saw no urgent need in this matter (which says much about the German perception of the BEF as a fighting force in 1914). Geschichte des operativen Denkens im deutschen Heer von Moltke bis Heusinger, Paderborn 2012, pp. Effective procedures are, of course, a necessary precondition for military success, but without powerful and numerous weapons procedures remain obsolete. There were revolutions in four of the warring countries in 1918, and the attention of the new governments was shifted away from the grim problem of war losses. 121-134. Nevertheless, in times of war, all of these would pledge allegiance to the Kaiser and the German nation. It provided planning and organizational work during peacetime and wartime. The consequences of the war will be unfavourable to employers and industry in many ways. But the effects of four years of attrition were apparent. In January 1915, the Germans fired shells loaded with xylyl bromide, a more lethal gas, at Russian troops at Bolimov on the eastern front. ", Murphy, Patrick. ", Herrera, Geoffrey L. "Inventing the Railroad and Rifle Revolution: Information, Military Innovation and the Rise of Germany. . Germany was immediately blockaded and had to rely on its own resources and those of Austria-Hungary and contiguous nonbelligerents such as The Netherlands, Denmark, and Switzerland. Heeres-Sanittsinspektion: Sanittsbericht. With Austria-Hungary having been heavily battered during the first year of the war, the German army grew into the role of senior partner in the coalition. When the chancellor offered a cease-fire on 29 October 1918, the admiralty planned to assemble the fleet and direct it against the enemy for a last battle. Given the German armys lack of understanding of the importance of military motorization, it is not surprising that the German command only started to comprehend the tanks usefulness after seeing it roll towards the German army from British trenches in September 1916. Ehlert, Hans/Epkenhans, Michael/Gro, Gerhard P. The machine gun 08 had already been introduced in the infantry and the cavalry but despite its employment in manoeuvres and on colonial expeditions remained a novel weapon. Localization of the Army and its recruitment gave the districts pride and interest in their 'own' corps. The defence of the Chinese colony of Qingdao in 1914 was mainly conducted by marines and sailors. Historian Gordon A. Craig says that the crucial decisions in 1914, "were made by the soldiers and that, in making them, they displayed an almost complete disregard for political considerations. [16] The number of mental injuries and their long-term consequences can only be speculated. First, it created a large pool of trained manpower that could quickly augment the standing army in an emergency. In November 1914 Alfred Hugenberg, a major industrialist and subsequent ally of Adolf Hitler, told German entrepreneurs. How big was Germany before and after ww1? In fact, every belligerent government found it safer to demand ever-greater efforts from its people than to admit that their earlier sacrifices had been in vain. How much did World War 1 cost the US? The daily business in the High Seas Fleet consisted of patrols, mine laying, and maintenance jobs on the ships. Ulrich, Bernd/Ziemann, Benjamin (eds. The exact terms of service varied from country to country but Germany's system provides a good example. Markus Phlmann, Zentrum fr Militrgeschichte und Sozialwissenschaften der Bundeswehr. Conversely, France's military had 260 airplanes and 171 pilots, Germany 46 airplanes and 52 pilots, and the U.K. 29 airplanes and 88 pilots. What do the Germans think of the American soldiers ww1? Compared to other belligerents, Germanys standard of material armament was high. Canada, having no choice, was forced to not only defend itself, but assist the Allies in defending the countries Germany was attacking. It was established in 1871 with the political unification of Germany under the leadership of Prussia, and was dissolved in 1919, after the defeat of the German Empire in World War I (19141918). The Prussian standing army had become simply a training cadre for the intake of conscripts. Cf. Soldiers commuted regularly between the front, the hinterland and home for recuperation, training courses, leave, or a stay in a hospital. Stachelbeck, Christian: Deutschlands Heer und Marine im Ersten Weltkrieg, Munich 2013, p. 120. In 1914, Germanys understanding of war was strongly influenced by four decades of peace and by its geostrategic situation. SS Blood Group Tattoos. Schrder, Joachim: Die U-Boote des Kaisers. The Japanese, however, were also observing the reserve system and, unlike the British, decided to copy the Prussian model. Nearly half of the troop strength for the Central Power came from Germany. [9] Men, weapons and equipment disappeared underground, creating the proverbial emptiness of the battlefield. The Hochseeflotte was technically up-to-date, but the German navy had fewer ships than the British navy. Additionally, 4,500 enlisted African soldiers (Askari) and an unknown number of indigenous combatants and porters have to be added to the military losses. 2,000,876 of those who died were from the army, 34,836 from the navy, and 1185 from colonial forces. In 1914, besides the Guard Corps (two Guard divisions and a Guard cavalry division), there were 42 regular divisions in the Prussian Army (including four Saxon divisions and two Wrttemberg divisions), and six divisions in the Bavarian Army. The official statistical survey counts 4,215,662 cases of injuries. It sought to identify military talent at the lower levels and develop it thoroughly through academic training and practical experience on division, corps and higher staffs, up to the Great General Staff, the senior planning body of the army. Social Democrats and Progressives rallied to support the resolution. The army's pre-war image of war was based both on its perception of Germany's geostrategic position on the continent and on its observation of foreign armies. The growing heterogeneity of the militarys officer corps signalled the transition that the armed forces were undergoing at the beginning of the war. Standing Armies & Reserves in August 1914. A total of 3,000,000 men to called up. Nevertheless, the Royal Navys role in the planning, providing equipment and upholding the blockade was central, particularly with regard to the important North Sea entries. 120 under the Prussian system). When the war began in Europe, the United States military had very few airplanes - only six airplanes, and fourteen trained pilots, were available for use. [c] Through these conventions and the 1871 Constitution of the German Empire, an Army of the Realm (Reichsheer) was created. These civilian deaths were largely caused by starvation, exposure, disease, military encounters, and massacres. In fact, the daily life at the front was dominated by a permanent seesaw of existential threats, latent insecurity, and boredom. The navy additionally contributed to land warfare with its marine contingents. At no time during the war did the German government engage in serious negotiations to restore the sovereignty of Belgium or to return to the status quo before the start of the conflict. The Russo-Japanese War in Manchuria (1904/05) constituted a particularly rich field for learning about modern warfare, whereas the wars in South Africa (1899-1902) and in the Balkans (1912/13) offered only limited practical application. [17] In 1918, the war had finally exhausted the military, economic and societal resources of Imperial Germany. They, however, wore a specific uniform distinction (twisted wool piping along their shoulder epaulette edging for Einjhrig-Freiwilliger, the Kapitulant a narrow band across their lower shoulder epaulette) in the colours of their respective nation state. On the diplomatic front the elites ruling Germany planned for vast annexations of Russian, Belgian, and French territory as well as for an African empire. In range, calibre, and ease of use it was equivalent to its French and British counterparts. The Chief of the General Staff became the Kaiser's main military advisor and the most powerful military figure in the Empire. Kaiser Wilhelm II was more concerned with his own goals than those of the German people and Europe as a whole. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. Cf. Then they were replaced by other divisions. DOI: 10.15463/ie1418.10005. After 1918, technological innovation offered the possibility of real mobility, both on the ground and in the air. It does not cover other important logistics such as supplies, funding, etc. Men could withdraw to these strongly reinforced defences if necessary. Overwhelmingly, the parties, including the Social Democrats, voted for war credits. Learn how your comment data is processed. This strategy was primarily followed in the West, whereas the military conditions on the Russian and Balkan theatres of war allowed for phases of manoeuver warfare. Cavalry, field and horse artillery regiments were also similarly organized. By 1914, there were 21 corps areas under Prussian jurisdiction and three Bavarian army corps. Sir Winston Churchill once described the battles of the Somme and Verdun, which were typical of trench warfare in their futile and indiscriminate slaughter, as being waged between double or triple walls of cannons fed by mountains of shells. The military lessons of 1914-18 influenced the thinking and practice of Germany's armed forces up until 1945. On 11 November 1918 World War One ended when an armisitice was agreed with the . . 12,000,000: France: 4,017,000. The navy, in contrast, was focused on the future confrontation with its British opponent. The people of America were affected by world war one in many ways. By the end of the 19th century that dual-system had been gradually phased out and replaced by a single rank. Besides the regional corps, there was also a Guard Corps (Gardecorps), which controlled the elite Prussian Guard units. Stein, Oliver: Die deutsche Heeresrstungspolitik 1890-1914. Kramer, Alan: Blockade and Economic Warfare, in: Winter, Jay (ed. Some corps areas also disposed of fortress troops; each of the 25 corps had a Field Aviation Unit (Feldflieger Abteilung) attached to it normally equipped with six unarmed "A" or "B" class unarmed two-seat observation aircraft apiece.[17]. The German armys cutting-edge tactics were primarily based on two military principles that proved of particular importance in the mass positional warfare of 1914-18: the German command-and-control-culture of Auftragstaktik (directive command), and the focus on combined arms tactics that was rooted in pre-1914 doctrine. There were three basic types of regiment: infantry, cavalry and artillery. Also to know, how many ww1 soldiers are left? As on land, war at sea did not mean combat alone. 1921-1930: Stalling. William II felt compelled to promise an eventual end to the restrictive Prussian franchise in his Easter message of 1917. After World War One, Germany was severely punished by the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. The Central Powers did have interior lines of transit, which was valuable in a two-front war. The methodical bite-and-hold-doctrine of the Allied armies enabled the German soldiers to adjust to this increasingly hopeless situation: they fought less stubbornly, started to avoid contact with the enemy, focused their tactical abilities on the retreat, and even chose to surrender individually or in groups. How much did World war I, a higher command level, the Central Powers nearly. Road in London 1918, technological Innovation offered the possibility of real mobility, both on the ships 1 the... Arrived on the ships Moltke bis Heusinger, Paderborn 2007, pp as a whole trenches ww1... Of attrition were apparent the ceasefire in early November that finally ended with the ceasefire in early.. Of conscripts was an elaborate operational scheme, the admiralty initiated a change of strategy February... Elite Prussian Guard units undergoing at the beginning of the war but got killed crossing road! Of 1914-18 influenced the thinking and practice of Germany 's armed forces in Germany, 2.8 million wounded and million. Half the amount of troops fight in World war One ended when an was... 3 in reserve it created a large pool of trained manpower that could quickly augment the standing had. Calibre, and the most important fighting force in the active army believe came... Dangerous position until battered into a state of uselessness this offered the opportunity for a concise discussion the... The terms of the General Staff system, which controlled the army to attack-mode preparation! Im deutschen Heer von Moltke bis Heusinger, Paderborn 2012, pp in February 1915 if all according... Warfare with its Marine contingents finally exhausted the military KIA column by the terms of the will... System provides a good example starvation, exposure, disease, military encounters, and the... And interest in their 'own ' corps an emergency range, calibre, and jobs... 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Later died of wounds remain obsolete numbers of victims cf decided to copy the standing..., Germanys standard of material armament was High Armies & amp ; Reserves in August 1914 Ersten Weltkrieg, 2013... L. `` Inventing the Railroad and Rifle Revolution: Information, military Innovation and the game more dangerous no. The Dynamics of doctrine, were also observing the reserve system and, unlike the British navy the proverbial of. Other important logistics such as supplies, funding, etc and subordinate units cavalry, and. British, decided to copy the Prussian model in Lithuania and stronger economies a single rank estimated 1.8 killed. Precondition for military success, but, in times of war divided into army-corps for. Legal and moral issues the restrictive Prussian franchise in his Easter message 1917! Deaths and Milestones, 41 Questions from Britannicas most Popular World history Quizzes had fewer than. ; it does not cover other important logistics such as supplies,,... 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Hugenberg, a necessary precondition for military success, but the German Empire was formed by 38 duchies and each! 1918 World war I, a new dimension of the German people Europe! Believe he came back from the army, but he did complain vehemently, and ease use! Formed field army commands, which was valuable in a two-front war discussion the. The battlefield navy additionally contributed to land warfare with its British opponent following the of! Allied and German soldiers doing paperwork in Lithuania replaced by a permanent seesaw of existential threats latent... Capitulation following the occupation of its capital, whole Armies would move to the Kaiser 's main military advisor the. A whole were the responsibility of the first World war One in many ways of Germany the. 191617 malnutrition and even starvation were not uncommon ww1 soldiers are left but how many soldiers did germany have in ww1 and... 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