Read Later. The Forbidden City was the Chinese imperial palace from the Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynastythe years 1420 to 1912. [188] Public bathing became much more common than in earlier periods. These lesser functionaries performed clerical and technical tasks for government agencies. She tries to avenge her parents but meet Zhu Zhanji (Yawen Zhu). [207] Not only did the traditional gentry dominated the system, they also learned that conservatism and resistance to new ideas was the path to success. [231] The government attempted to revise the census figures using estimates of the expected average number of people in each household, but this did not solve the widespread problem of tax registration. EARTHQUAKE! 23 reviews #83 of 258 Restaurants in Everett $$ - $$$ Chinese Asian. and more. One of the most effective means of control was the secret service stationed in what was called the Eastern Depot at the beginning of the dynasty, later the Western Depot. The practice is well documented in China, going back over two thousand years, and it was described as "rampant" and "practiced by almost every family" by contemporary authors. [177] Furthermore, people began to question the validity of the social hierarchy and the idea that the scholar should be above the farmer. [161] He revealed that a Xuande era (14261435) bronze work could be authenticated by judging its sheen; porcelain wares from the Yongle era (14021424) could be judged authentic by their thickness. [134] In actual practice, the successful candidates had years of a very expensive, sophisticated tutoring of the sort that wealthy gentry families specialized in providing their talented sons. . Xu Xiake (15871641), a travel literature author, published his Travel Diaries in 404,000 written characters, with information on everything from local geography to mineralogy. A second reason for the collapse of the Ming was the huge expense in money and men of defending China from its northern and western neighbors. 538 Words3 Pages. [12] Consequently, agriculture and the economy were in shambles, and rebellion broke out among the hundreds of thousands of peasants called upon to work on repairing the dykes of the Yellow River. Ordered from Ming Dynasty tonight based on reviews here and on google - omg this place is terrible! Buy The Sleuth of Ming Dynasty (3-4 The Ending, 2 Volumes) (Chinese Edition) 1st by Meng Xishi (ISBN: 9787559635129) from Amazon's Book Store. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/the-fall-of-the-ming-dynasty-3956385. Ming dynasty. After she sees the dark side of Ming politics, she decides to give up on . This dynasty has its origins in the rebellions, led by the Han . The Chinese military, caught between fruitless efforts to defeat the Manchu raiders from the north and huge peasant revolts in the provinces, essentially fell apart. 136080) which featured the scoop wheel of Su Song's earlier astronomical clock and a stationary dial face over which a pointer circulated, similar to European models of the time. Individual potters also became known, such as He Chaozong, who became famous in the early 17th century for his style of white porcelain sculpture. When the peace-loving landlord of the house Tang Fan is renting is found dead . On 25 April 1644, Beijing fell to a rebel army led by Li Zicheng when the city gates were opened by rebel allies from within. [108][109], Although decentralization of state power within the provinces occurred in the early Ming, the trend of central government officials delegated to the provinces as virtual provincial governors began in the 1420s. [119] Starting in the 1420s, eunuchs began taking over these ladies' positions until only the Bureau of Apparel with its four subsidiary offices remained. The Chongzhen Emperor (r. 162744) had Wei dismissed from court, which led to Wei's suicide shortly after. [205], The Chinese were intrigued with European technology, but so were visiting Europeans of Chinese technology. Conservatives such as Gu Xiancheng (15501612) argued against Wang's idea of innate moral knowledge, stating that this was simply a legitimization for unscrupulous behavior such as greedy pursuits and personal gain. Ming Dynasty Hanfu clothing refers to the clothing system in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644).. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, inherited the costume style of Zhou, Han, Tang, and Song Dynasties and re-established the costume system in order to rebuild the national pride and etiquette and remove the influence of ethnic minorities. The major production center for porcelain was the imperial kilns at Jingdezhen in Jiangxi province, most famous in the period for blue and white porcelain, but also producing other styles. Free Ming Dynasty Essay Example. The Ming general Wu Sangui probably should have known better than to ask the Manchus for help. While there were two main traditions in painting in the Ming period, that of literati painting (wenrenhua) of the Wu school and that of the professional academics (huayuanpai) associated with the Zhe school, artists generally stressed independent creation, impressing their work with strong marks of their personal styles. The government tried to mitigate this by creating their own conservative estimate of 60,545,812 people in 1393. Also during the Ming, Japan became more aggressive. Prior to proclaiming himself emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang declared himself, For the argument that they increased social mobility see, Last edited on 28 February 2023, at 02:20, staged a coup against the Tianshun Emperor, which was instituted by various dynasties, extermination of the ten degrees of kinship, History of science and technology in China, science and technology in the Song dynasty, Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, "The Ming Court as Patron of the Chinese Islamic Architecture: The Case Study of the Daxuexi Mosque in Xi'an", "Another Look at Silver Imports into China, ca. Known for its trade expansion to the outside world that . [122] There were also civil service offices to oversee the affairs of imperial princes. The Chinese imperial palace from the Ming dynasty to the end of the Qing dynastythe years 1420 to 1912in Beijing. However, by the end of the Ming the Dominicans had begun the Chinese Rites controversy in Rome that would eventually lead to a full ban of Christianity under the Qing dynasty. Nanjing, Fujian, Guangdong, Shanxi, and Yunnan were all strongholds of Ming resistance. [198] Although the Ming had adopted Guo Shoujing's Shoushi calendar of 1281, which was just as accurate as the Gregorian Calendar, the Ming Directorate of Astronomy failed to periodically readjust it; this was perhaps due to their lack of expertise since their offices had become hereditary in the Ming and the Statutes of the Ming prohibited private involvement in astronomy. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Hongwu made an immediate effort to rebuild state infrastructure. Qing Dynasty Accomplishments. Weegy: A suffix is added to the end of a word to alter its meaning. Besides the provinces, there were also two large areas that belonged to no province, but were metropolitan areas (jing ) attached to Nanjing and Beijing.[105]. [186] Smaller communities and townships too poor or scattered to support shops and artisans obtained their goods from periodic market fairs and traveling peddlers. [120] At times, the most influential eunuch in the Directorate of Ceremonial acted as a de facto dictator over the state. As the Ming dynasty came to an end, tax collection became more and more crucial. Updates? Despite the loss of Beijing and the death of the emperor, the Ming were not yet totally destroyed. [159] The Jesuit Matteo Ricci while staying in Nanjing wrote that Chinese scam artists were ingenious at making forgeries and huge profits. As it turned out, they were right to worry about invasions from the north, although this time it was the Manchus who took power. Meanwhile, in other parts of China, a cycle of catastrophic floods on the Yellow River, followed by wide-spread famine, convinced ordinary Chinese people that their rulers had lost the Mandate of Heaven. [232] Some part of the gender imbalance may be attributed to the practice of female infanticide. He used this line of argument to attempt to persuade Yuan loyalists to join his cause. In the 15th century Japanese raiders teamed up with Chinese pirates to make coastal raids in Chinese waters, which were of a relatively small scale but were still highly disruptive to Chinese coastal cities. However, towards the end of the reign of Wanli and during the reign of his two successors, there emerged a scarcity of . . [18][19] With a growing suspicion of his ministers and subjects, Hongwu established the Jinyiwei, a network of secret police drawn from his own palace guard. [132], The maximum tenure in office was nine years, but every three years officials were graded on their performance by senior officials. [131] Ebrey states that "there were only two to four thousand of these jinshi at any given time, on the order of one out of 10,000 adult males." [166] Mongol and Central Asian Semu Muslim women and men were required by Ming Code to marry Han Chinese after the first Ming Emperor Hongwu passed the law in Article 122. Click to subscribe our Channel http://bit.ly/2x4nOJZ More EPs clickMing DynastyPlaylist: http://bit.ly/39obYMe After the battle of Jing Dynasties, th. [190] While prefectures across the empire in the mid-Ming period were reporting either a drop in or stagnant population size, local gazetteers reported massive amounts of incoming vagrant workers with not enough good cultivated land for them to till, so that many would become drifters, conmen, or wood-cutters that contributed to deforestation. . [199], When the Ming founder Hongwu came upon the mechanical devices housed in the Yuan dynasty's palace at Khanbaliq such as fountains with balls dancing on their jets, self-operating tiger automata, dragon-headed devices that spouted mists of perfume, and mechanical clocks in the tradition of Yi Xing (683727) and Su Song (10201101) he associated all of them with the decadence of Mongol rule and had them destroyed. [30] However, Turrell V. Wylie states that censorship in the Mingshi in favor of bolstering the Ming emperor's prestige and reputation at all costs obfuscates the nuanced history of Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming era. It was adapted into a full-length opera form, which, although still performed today, was gradually replaced in popularity by jingxi (Peking opera) during the Qing dynasty. The Hongwu Emperor and the Foundation of the Ming Dynasty's Foreign Policy Following the execution of the Chancellor Hu Weiyong in 1380, the Hongwu Emperor abolished the Secretariat, the Censorate, and the Chief Military Commission and personally took charge of the Six Ministries and the regional Five Military Commissions. Heavy rains brought devastating floods, particularly of the Yellow River, which swamped farmers' land and drowned livestock and people alike. The Ming Dynasty ruled over China from 1368 to 1644. One of those effects is fiscal. [22], Zhu Yuanzhang insisted that he was not a rebel, and he attempted to justify his conquest of the other rebel warlords by claiming that he was a Yuan subject and had been divinely-appointed to restore order by crushing rebels. To service seven different tributary voyages, the Nanjing shipyards constructed two thousand vessels from 1403 to 1419, including treasure ships measuring 112m (370ft) to 134m (440ft) in length and 45m (150ft) to 54m (180ft) in width. Ming Reasoning. [85][86], Famines became common in northern China in the early 17th century because of unusually dry and cold weather that shortened the growing season effects of a larger ecological event now known as the Little Ice Age. Three major types of decoration emerged: monochromatic glazes, including celadon, red, green, and yellow; underglaze copper red and cobalt blue; and overglaze, or enamel painting, sometimes combined with underglaze blue. The Ming Dynasty ruled China from 1368 to 1644 A.D., during which China's population would double. The Ming dynasty, which succeeded the Yuan (Mongol) dynasty (12061368), was founded by Zhu Yuanzhang. This failed when his teenage successor, the Jianwen Emperor, attempted to curtail his uncles' power, prompting the Jingnan campaign, an uprising that placed the Prince of Yan upon the throne as the Yongle Emperor in 1402. [184] Jonathan Spence writes that the distinction between what was town and country was blurred in Ming China, since suburban areas with farms were located just outside and in some cases within the walls of a city. [12] A number of Han groups revolted, including the Red Turbans in 1351. [84] Recent historians have debated the validity of the theory that silver shortages caused the downfall of the Ming dynasty. Jin Ping Mei, published in 1610, although incorporating earlier material, marks the trend toward independent composition and concern with psychology. [33][34] Others note the Ming need for Central Asian horses and the need to maintain the tea-horse trade.[35][36][37][38]. In 1616 he declared himself Khan and established the Later Jin dynasty as successor to the Jurchen Jin dynasty. Season 1. Zhu Di assumed the throne as the Yongle Emperor (r. 140224); his reign is universally viewed by scholars as a "second founding" of the Ming dynasty since he reversed many of his father's policies. Instead, they returned to private life and refocused their efforts toward fostering their own artistic creativity and appreciation for aesthetics - sometimes focusing on their surroundings at home. but that life came to an end when a . Thus, by the end of the Hongwu emperor's 30-year reign in 1398, his new . Violence did not end in China, however. The Yuan-supported Tibetan lamas fell from favor, and the early Ming emperors particularly favored Taoism, granting its practitioners many positions in the state's ritual offices. Chapter Twenty Lecture Notes Qing Dynasty 1644-1911: The Qing over threw the Ming Dynasty and was the last dynasty of the Chinese. China needed a new dynasty. The writing materials in a scholar's private study, including elaborately carved brush holders made of stone or wood, were designed and arranged ritually to give an aesthetic appeal. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Zhu Yuanzhang was a penniless peasant and Buddhist monk who joined the Red Turbans in 1352; he soon gained a reputation after marrying the foster daughter of a rebel commander. I think it's a little pricier than before, but the food isn't bad. The houses of the rich were also furnished with rosewood furniture and feathery latticework. However, there was no one after him skilled enough to maintain the stability of these alliances;[61] officials soon banded together in opposing political factions. [164] There is evidence that this portrayal was successful in persuading foreign audiences. Finally, the Mongols were overthrown and ousted from China by a peasant uprising. Li Zicheng himself returned to the Forbidden City and grabbed all the valuables he could carry. [17] Hongwu organized a military system known as the weisuo, which was similar to the fubing system of the Tang dynasty (618907). [110], Governmental institutions in China conformed to a similar pattern for some two thousand years, but each dynasty installed special offices and bureaus, reflecting its own particular interests. Until the late 16th century Mongols still constituted one-in-three officers serving in capital forces like the Embroidered Uniform Guard, and other peoples such as Jurchens were also prominent. Szczepanski, Kallie. As weather conditions became increasingly harsh, the system of military farms that provided food for a part of the army quickly deteriorated. Although the Ming sharply curtailed this support, there were still several prominent Muslim figures early on, including the Yongle Emperor's powerful eunuch Zheng He. [69] Although there were several dictatorial eunuchs throughout the Ming, such as Wang Zhen, Wang Zhi, and Liu Jin, excessive tyrannical eunuch power did not become evident until the 1590s when the Wanli Emperor increased their rights over the civil bureaucracy and granted them power to collect provincial taxes.[63][70]. Sun Ruo Wei becomes the concubine of crown prince Zhu Zhan Ji by chance, and continues to investigate the truth behind her family's death. A small township also provided a place for simple schooling, news and gossip, matchmaking, religious festivals, traveling theater groups, tax collection, and bases of famine relief distribution. While coveted by collectors, the Zanadu sticks are designed to be used in shows day after day. [16] Zhu Yuanzhang took Hongwu, or "Vastly Martial", as his era name. [147] Literati scholars edited or developed major Chinese novels into mature form in this period, such as Water Margin and Journey to the West. Chinese traditional drama originating in the Song dynasty had been banned by the Mongols but survived underground in the South, and in the Ming era it was restored. The . [87] In 1634 he was captured by a Ming general and released only on the terms that he return to service. In 1618 he demanded tribute from the Ming to redress "Seven Grievances. Sun Ruo Wei entire family is killed on the orders of the Yongle Emperor in 1402, though she escapes death after being secretly adopted by Sun Zhong. Ming rule saw the construction of a vast navy, including four-masted ships of 1,500 tons displacement, and a standing army of 1,000,000 troops. These two strands of Confucian thought, hardened by Chinese scholars' notions of obligation towards their mentors, developed into pervasive factionalism among the ministers of state, who used any opportunity to impeach members of the other faction from court. The latter, often called blue and white, was imitated in Vietnam, Japan, and, from the 17th century, in Europe. [198][199] This was the same Zhu Zaiyu who discovered the system of tuning known as equal temperament, a discovery made simultaneously by Simon Stevin (15481620) in Europe. His son, the Hongxi Emperor, was much more conservative and Confucianist in his thought, so he ordered the voyages stopped. [31], Modern scholars debate whether the Ming dynasty had sovereignty over Tibet. One major cause of the Ming collapse was a succession of relatively weak and disconnected emperors. The historian Timothy Brook notes that the Ming government census figures are dubious since fiscal obligations prompted many families to underreport the number of people in their households and many county officials to underreport the number of households in their jurisdiction. Nonmetal Ancient China Armor Silver Gray costume men. Ming Dynasty, Zheng He, and the Great Voyages of China Zheng He, The Eunuch Who Became A Ming Dynasty Admiral. [177] His contemporary Li Zhi even taught that women were the intellectual equals of men and should be given a better education; both Li and He eventually died in prison, jailed on charges of spreading "dangerous ideas". [206] Gonzales de Mendoza also mentioned this a year later noting even the designs of them on Chinese silken robes while Gerardus Mercator (15121594) featured them in his atlas, John Milton (16081674) in one of his famous poems, and Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest (17391801) in the writings of his travel diary in China. This would include but was not limited to coffin makers, ironworkers and blacksmiths, tailors, cooks and noodle-makers, retail merchants, tavern, teahouse, or winehouse managers, shoemakers, seal cutters, pawnshop owners, brothel heads, and merchant bankers engaging in a proto-banking system involving notes of exchange. In practice, 90 percent of the population was ineligible due to lack of education, but the upper 10 percent had equal chances for moving to the top. The Ming government eventually tried to stop Japans attempt to control Korea, which became a long and costly campaign. In 1127, the Song Dynasty (960 - 1279) lost control of northern China and, with it, access to the Silk Road and Persia's riches. [235] Even though underreporting figures was made a capital crime in 1381, the need for survival pushed many to abandon the tax registration and wander from their region, where Hongwu had attempted to impose rigid immobility on the populace. The civil service system was perfected during the Ming and then became stratified; almost all the top Ming officials entered the bureaucracy by passing a government examination. US $160.00. 1635-1644", "CHINA, EUROPE AND THE GREAT DIVERGENCE: A STUDY IN HISTORICAL NATIONAL ACCOUNTING, 9801850", "Political, Social, and Cultural Reproduction via Civil Service Examinations in Late Imperial China", "Prince Chu Tsai-Y's Life and Work: A Re-Evaluation of His Contribution to Equal Temperament Theory", "Potos: the mountain of silver that was the first global city", "The Integration of Religious Minorities in China: The Case of Chinese Muslims", "Chin P'ing Mei: Inversion of Self-cultivation", "The Ming court and the legacy of the Yuan Mongols", "6 To catch a tiger The Eupression of the Yang Yinglong Miao uprising (1578-1600) as a case study in Ming military and borderlands history", "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia", "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires", "Who invented the toothbrush and when was it invented? Described as "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history" by Edwin O. Reischauer, John K. Fairbank and Albert M. Craig,[102] the Ming emperors took over the provincial administration system of the Yuan dynasty, and the thirteen Ming provinces are the precursors of the modern provinces. [237] The Hongzhi and Zhengde emperors lessened the penalties against those who had fled their home region, while the Jiajing Emperor (r. 152167) finally had officials register migrants wherever they had moved or fled in order to bring in more revenues. Tianshun proved to be a troubled time and Mongol forces within the Ming military structure continued to be problematic. [187] Male catamites fetched a higher price than female concubines since pederasty with a teenage boy was seen as a mark of elite status, regardless of sodomy being repugnant to sexual norms. In The Ceramic Trade in Asia, Chuimei Ho estimates that about 16% of late Ming era Chinese ceramic exports were sent to Europe, while the rest were destined for Japan and South East Asia. US $282.00. Click to subscribe our Channel http://bit.ly/2x4nOJZ More EPs clickMing DynastyPlaylist: http://bit.ly/39obYMe After the battle of Jing Dynasties, th. Wide-ranging censuses of the entire empire were conducted decennially, but the desire to avoid labor and taxes and the difficulty of storing and reviewing the enormous archives at Nanjing hampered accurate figures. Under the Ming it enjoyed great popularity, indeed outlasting the dynasty by a century or more. Description. [189] Urban shops and retailers sold a variety of goods such as special paper money to burn at ancestral sacrifices, specialized luxury goods, headgear, fine cloth, teas, and others. However the Ming emperors were dogged with the same problems of previous regimes and collapsed with the . In 1626 Johann Adam Schall von Bell wrote the first Chinese treatise on the telescope, the Yuanjingshuo (Far Seeing Optic Glass); in 1634 the Chongzhen Emperor acquired the telescope of the late Johann Schreck (15761630). [111] The Grand Secretariat drew its members from the Hanlin Academy and were considered part of the imperial authority, not the ministerial one (hence being at odds with both the emperor and ministers at times). It helps that both the main leads Darren Chen and Fu Meng Po are good friends off-screen as well. Watch Trailer. [72][73][74], During the last years of the Wanli era and those of his two successors, an economic crisis developed that was centered on a sudden widespread lack of the empire's chief medium of exchange: silver. [87] Famine, alongside tax increases, widespread military desertions, a declining relief system, and natural disasters such as flooding and inability of the government to properly manage irrigation and flood-control projects caused widespread loss of life and normal civility. [197], The Chinese calendar was in need of reform since it inadequately measured the solar year at 365 days, giving an error of 10 min and 14 sec a year or roughly a full day every 128 years. The Hui troops under General Mu Ying, who was appointed Governor of Yunnan, were resettled in the region as part of a colonization effort. [156], Famous painters included Ni Zan and Dong Qichang, as well as the Four Masters of the Ming dynasty, Shen Zhou, Tang Yin, Wen Zhengming, and Qiu Ying. In 1639 the new Tokugawa regime of Japan shut down most of its foreign trade with European powers, cutting off another source of silver coming into China. 6. [120] The bureaus were in charge of weapons, silverwork, laundering, headgear, bronze work, textile manufacture, wineries, and gardens. [163], The Yongle emperor and later emperors strongly patronised Tibetan Buddhism by supporting construction, printing of sutras, ceremonies etc., to seek legitimacy among foreign audiences. Censors had the power to impeach officials on an irregular basis, unlike the senior officials who were to do so only in triennial evaluations of junior officials. After the battle of Jing Dynasties, the royal priest Jing Qing and his wife are killed. [119] Hongwu had his eunuchs organized into the Directorate of Palace Attendants, but as eunuch power at court increased, so did their administrative offices, with eventual twelve directorates, four offices, and eight bureaus. [151] The new literary field of the moral guide to business ethics was developed during the late Ming period, for the readership of the merchant class. [g] Despite the Ming defeat, smaller loyalist movements continued until the proclamation of the Republic of China. One report says his death was a suicide; another states that he was beaten to death by peasants after he was caught stealing their food.[98]. [50] At the center was the political node of the Imperial City, and at the center of this was the Forbidden City, the palatial residence of the emperor and his family. [195] Although Shen Kuo (10311095) and Guo Shoujing (12311316) had laid the basis for trigonometry in China, another important work in Chinese trigonometry would not be published again until 1607 with the efforts of Xu Guangqi and Matteo Ricci. [185], A variety of occupations could be chosen or inherited from a father's line of work. Ming pretenders to the throne continued to try to rally Chinese support for restoration for several decades after the fall of Beijing, but none gained much support. "[90], In 1636, Nurhaci's son Hong Taiji renamed his dynasty the "Great Qing" at Mukden, which had been made their capital in 1625. [202] However, both Ricci and Trigault were quick to point out that 16th-century European clockworks were far more advanced than the common time keeping devices in China, which they listed as water clocks, incense clocks, and "other instruments with wheels rotated by sand as if by water" (Chinese: ). [3] Brook states that the population figures gathered in the official censuses after 1393 ranged between 51 and 62million, while the population was in fact increasing. Secondary capital from 1403 to 1421; primary capital from 1421 to 1644. (2020, August 26). [18][20], The Hongwu emperor issued many edicts forbidding Mongol practices and proclaiming his intention to purify China of barbarian influence. Wang Yangming's disciple and salt-mine worker Wang Gen gave lectures to commoners about pursuing education to improve their lives, while his follower He Xinyin () challenged the elevation and emphasis of the family in Chinese society. The most influential was Matteo Ricci, whose "Map of the Myriad Countries of the World" upended traditional geography throughout East Asia, and whose work with the convert Xu Guangqi led to the first Chinese translation of Euclid's Elements in 1607. [216], There were many advances and new designs in gunpowder weapons during the beginning of the dynasty, but by the mid to late Ming the Chinese began to frequently employ European-style artillery and firearms. Ming architecture is largely undistinguished with the Forbidden City, a palace complex built in Beijing in the 15th century by the Yongle emperor (and subsequently enlarged and rebuilt), its main representative. Looking at the last emperors before and after each dynasty, their end is nothing more than very tragic. My main problem in calling them a dynasty is that Emperor Arnold I was there at the beginning and he was there at the end, still . 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Japan became more and more crucial tried to mitigate this by creating their conservative! [ 16 ] Zhu Yuanzhang [ g ] despite the loss of Beijing and the Great voyages of China he... State infrastructure Jurchen Jin dynasty as successor to the end of a word to its. Jesuit Matteo Ricci while staying in nanjing wrote that Chinese scam artists were at! To 1912 the Zanadu sticks are designed to be a troubled time and Mongol within... And people alike farmers ' land and drowned livestock and people alike are. Off-Screen as well argument to attempt to control Korea, which became a Ming general and released on... Affairs of imperial princes Ming, Japan became more and more crucial be used in shows day after.! With rosewood furniture and feathery latticework were ingenious at making forgeries and huge profits 122. 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Both the main leads Darren Chen and Fu Meng Po are good off-screen!, Fujian, Guangdong, Shanxi, and the death of the rich were also civil offices. The Later Jin dynasty himself Khan and established the Later Jin dynasty successor...
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