cicero de oratore 1 150 ff übersetzung

Members of this gens are first mentioned in history during the period following the First Punic War, and the only one to achieve the consulship was Marcus Publicius Malleolus in 232 BC. Publisher: De Gruyter. For in controversiis Lanibinus and Ernesti would read, from a correction in an old copy, incontroversi; but as there is no authority for this word, Ellendt, with Bakius, prefers non controversi. Plato mentions Thrasymachos whose power was in arousing anger in the audience (267c 8). (Du hättest Himmel und Hölle in Bewegung gesetzt. De oratore (lateinisch „Über den Redner“) ist ein grundlegendes Werk Ciceros zur Rhetorik, in dem die Voraussetzungen für den Rednerberuf, das Wesen der Rhetorik, der Aufbau der Rede, Fragen des Stils und der moralischen und philosophischen Pflichten des Redners erörtert werden. c. 3; and Aul. [227] L   "Accordingly, when I regarded these words of yours as the divinest eloquence, Publius Rutilius Rufus, ** a man of learning, and devoted to philosophy, observed that what you had said was not only injudicious, but base and dishonourable. Cicero (Marcus Tullius, 106–43 BCE), Roman lawyer, orator, politician and philosopher, of whom we know more than of any other Roman, lived through the stirring era which saw the rise, dictatorship, and death of Julius Caesar in a tottering republic. [249] May not every one of us go over our farms, or inspect our country affairs, for the sake of profit or delight at least? (6)   The custom Respondendi de Iure, and the interpretations and decisions of the learned, were so universally approved, that, although they were unwritten, they became a new species of law, and were called Auctoritas, or Responsa Prudentum. [186] It is, indeed, for certain reasons, thought otherwise by most people, first, because those of old, who were at the head of this science, would not, for the sake of securing and extending their own influence, allow their art to be made public; in the next place, when it was published, the forms of actions at law being first set forth by Gnaeus Flavius, there were none who could compose a general system of those matters arranged under regular heads. by Cicero ★ ★ ★ ★ 4.00; 2 Ratings 9 Want to read; 0 Currently reading; 2 Have read; This edition was published in 1755 by printed for T. Waller in London. Publishing over 150 high quality reviews and 50 brief notes every year, The Classical Review is an indispensable reference tool, essential for keeping abreast with current classical scholarship. Quintus Servilius Caepio (consul 106 BC) (769 words) case mismatch in snippet view article daughter of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus. Him I call an orator, and would have him besides accomplished in delivery and action, and with a certain degree of wit. [256] "Those other branches of knowledge (though they certainly assist the orator) I mean general history, and jurisprudence, and the ways of the ancients, and a variety of precedents I will, if ever I have occasion for them, borrow from my friend Longinus, ** an excellent man, and one of the greatest erudition in such matters. Auvray-Assayas, C. Cicéron. Dr. Taylor, in his History of the Roman Law, p. 62, has given us the heads of the Roman Ius publicum, which were: religion and divine worship; peace and war legislation; exchequer and res fisci; escheats; the prerogative; law of treasons; taxes and imposts; coinage; jurisdiction; magistracies; regalia; embassies; honours and titles; colleges, schools, corporations; castles and fortifications; fairs, mercats, staple; forests; naturalization. For what is more noble than for an old man, who has held the highest honours and offices of the state, to be able justly to say for himself, that which the Pythian Apollo says in Ennius, that he is the person from whom, if not nations and kings, yet all his fellow-citizens, solicit advice, In his De oratore (ca 55 BC) Cicero explains what the conditions are for becoming a good orator. (24)   A work on the origin of the people and cities of Italy, and other matters, now lost. B. (22)   See the Paradox of Cicero on the words Omnes sapientes liberi, omnes stulti servi. my daily conversation, when I am praising the wisdom of our countrymen above that of all other men, and especially of the Greeks. 0. Uvod Prevedel Matej Petrič De re publica je delo, ki sodi med trojico spisov (skupaj z in De De oratore legibus), v katerih je Cicero predstavil svoje mišljenje o tem, kakšna mora biti dobro urejena država in kakšni možje naj jo vodijo. (43)   I translate the conclusion of this sentence in conformity with the text of Orellius, who puts tamen at the end of it, instead of letting it stand at the beginning of the next sentence, as is the case in other editions. Nobbe, the editor of Tauchnitz's text, retains Ernesti's alia. Even when Lysias. [206] "Then," said Crassus, "(since I, to detain you at my house with less difficulty, have rather complied with your desires, than my own habit or inclination,) what if we ask Antonius to tell us something of what he still keeps in reserve, and has not yet made known to us, (on which subjects he complained, a while ago, that a book has already dropped from his pen,) and to reveal to us his mysteries in the art of speaking?" Tuscolane 8 copies. vi. 96 . With this alteration, the sense will be 'all this uncontroverted part of the law.'. {51.} Although (since we take so many points of comparison with the orator from one sort of artist) Roscius, whom we mentioned before, is accustomed to say, that, as age advances upon him, he will make the measures of the flute-player slower, and the notes softer. A general head is that which comprehends two or more particulars, similar to one another by having something in common, but differing in species. De Oratore III . B. Quintus Servilius Caepio (consul 106 BC) (769 words) case mismatch in snippet view article daughter of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus. [205] "To us," said Sulpicius, "these instructions are exceedingly pleasant and delightful; but there are a few things more which we still desire to hear, especially those which were touched upon so briefly by you, Crassus, in reference to oratory as an art, when you confessed that you did not despise them, but had learned them. [244] Even Mucius himself, the defender of the father's right, who fought as it were for his own patrimony, what argument did he propose in the case, when he spoke against you, that appeared to be drawn from the civil law? Leucippe et Clitophon. (30)   Either Scaevola, the father-in-law of Crassus, or Lucius Coelius Antipater, whom Cicero mentions in his Brutus. And M. Scaurus, who I hear is in the country, at his villa not far off, a man eminently skilled in affairs of government, if he should hear that the authority which his gravity and counsels hear with them, is claimed by you, Crassus, as you say that it is the property of the orator, he would, I believe, come hither without delay, and frighten us out of our talk by his very countenance and aspect; who, though he is no contemptible speaker, yet depends more upon his judgment in affairs of consequence, than upon his ability in speaking; [215] and, if any one has abilities in both these ways, he who is of authority in the public councils, and a good senator, is not on those accounts an orator; and if he that is an eloquent and powerful speaker be also eminent in civil administration, he did not acquire his political knowledge ** through oratory. Translated by J.S.Watson (1860), with some minor alterations. [199] For ennobling and dignifying old age, indeed, what can be a more honourable resource than the interpretation of the law? Translated by E.Jones (1776); a few words and spellings have been changed. c. 30. Written in English — 366 pages This edition doesn't have a description yet. 36. In cotidianis autem commentationibus equidem mihi adulescentulus proponere solebam illam exercitationem maxime, qua C. Carbonem nostrum illum inimicum solitum esse uti sciebam, ut aut versibus propositis quam maxime gravibus aut oratione aliqua lecta ad eum finem, quem memoria possem comprehendere, eam rem ipsam, quam legissem, verbis aliis quam maxime possem lectis, pronuntiarem; sed post animadverti hoc esse in hoc viti, quod ea verba, quae maxime cuiusque rei propria quaeque essent ornatissima atque optima, occupasset aut Ennius, si ad eius versus me exercerem, aut Gracchus, si eius orationem mihi forte proposuissem: ita, si eisdem verbis uterer, nihil prodesse; si aliis, etiam obesse, cum minus idoneis uti consuescerem. We do not go ad locum, unde praesentes rem et fines inspicere possimus. See Varro, R. R. i. [191] In the meantime, while what is unconnected is being combined, a person may, even by gathering here and there, and collecting from all parts, be furnished with a competent knowledge of the civil law. Ernesti observes that it is, perhaps, in some way unsound. Brut. (3)   Orellius retains haec aliena studia, in his text, but acknowledges aliena to be corrupt. Mucia (gens) College of Pontiffs Cicero Brutus 145, 150, 161, De Oratore 1.180 Tuori, Kaius. 75-8; Cicero [2], pp. Der Griffel ist der beste und vorzüglichste Bildner und Lehrmeister der Rede und nicht mit Unrecht. [241] L   "But cases which are of such a kind, that there can be no doubt of the law relative to them, do not usually come to be tried at all. Servilia (gens) Cicero, de oratore 1.255 Cicero, pro Cluentio 140 Tacitus, Ann. I cannot deny that every kind of knowledge is of advantage, especially to him whose eloquence ought to be adorned with variety of matter; but the things which are absolutely necessary to an orator are numerous, important, and difficult, so that I would not distract his industry among too many studies. Significant quotes in Cicero's De Oratore with explanations. Thus the lawyer is, of himself, nothing with you but a sort of wary and acute legalist, an instructor in actions, ** a repeater of formulae, a catcher at syllables; but because the orator has frequent occasion for the aid of the law in his pleadings, you have of necessity joined legal knowledge to eloquence as a handmaid and attendant.           'Uncertain how to act; whom, by my aid, This conjecture, says Henrichsen, will suit very well with the word haec, which Crassus may be supposed to have used, because Aelius Stilo was then alive, and engaged in those studies. Cicero 1948 De Oratore [On the Orator]. Strobaeus. Denn wenn vor einer aus dem Stegreif gehaltenen und durch Zufall veranlassten Rede eine mit Überlegung und Nachdenken ausgearbeitete Rede leicht den Vorzug hat, so wird in der Tat selbst vor dieser eine mit Sorgfalt schriftlich abgefasste Rede den Vorrang haben. Translated by J.S.Watson (1860), with some minor alterations. iv. part of whom deny that any passions whatever should be excited in the mind, and say that they who rouse them in the breasts of the judges are guilty of a heinous crime, and part, who are inclined to be more tolerant, and to accommodate themselves more to the realities of life, say that such emotions ought to be but very moderate and gentle. (11)   Not recorded with any elegance, but in the plain style in which I am now going to express myself. Bei den täglichen Vorübungen pflegte ich in meiner frühen Jugend besonders das Verfahren zu wählen, das, wie ich wusste, mein bekannter Widersacher Gaius Carbo zu beobachten pflegte. {41.} [208] But I will enter upon what you desire the more boldly, as I hope the same thing will happen to me in this discussion as usually happens to me at the bar, that no flowers of rhetoric will be expected from me. This custom continued to the time of Augustus without interruption, who selected particular lawyers, and gave them the sanction of a patent; but then grew into desuetude, till Hadrian renewed this office or grant, which made so considerable a branch of the Roman law. Just. ** Small was the part of it he assigned to Cotta here, his sister's son, and a youth of great eloquence; and Quintus Mucius also took some share in his defence, speaking in his usual manner, without ostentation, but simply and with perspicuity. [198] L   "And who does not know what an accession of honour, popularity, and dignity, such knowledge, even of itself, brings with it to those who are eminent in it? Ant. xii. Opera, cum delectu commentariorum 8 copies, 1 review. (32)   Herctum cieri--herciscundae familiae. {57.} Google Scholar. xii. Gaius, ii. Cicero warns the speaker of the Attic Plain style against the use of these three figures (and of Isocolon, Orator 25. geschrieben und war sein letztes Werk über Rhetorik (Redekunst), dass er nur drei Jahre vor seinem Tod verfasst hat. (7)   Iura publica. See c. 37. who calls him the father of farming. Ancient Roman Lawyers and Modern Legal Ideals: Studies. Many editions have nomium, which is left equally unexplained. 16 In particular, by Carcopino, (Les Secrets de la Corresp. 16. Najprej je leta 55 izdal spis O govorniku, z Državo se je – kot je moč rekonstruirati iz njegovih pisem – [226] Can virtue, Crassus, possibly be enslaved, according to those whose precepts you make necessary to the science of an orator; virtue which is ever and alone free, and which, though our bodies be captured in war, or bound with fetters, yet ought to maintain its rights and liberty inviolate in all circumstances? [262] With such encouragements as these, I sincerely agree with you, Crassus, that youths should be incited to study and industry; other accomplishments which you have collected from various and distinct arts and sciences, though you have mastered them all yourself, I regard as unconnected with the proper business and duty of an orator. The word herctum, says Festus, signifies whole or undivided, and cio, to divide; so, familiam herctam ciere was to divide the inheritance of the family, which two words, herctum ciere, were afterwards contracted into herciscere: hence this law-term used here, familiam herciscere. Interpret.  Distulerant. If, therefore, any one of us has to look at his grounds, or give any directions about agriculture to his steward, or any orders to his bailiff, must we study the books of Mago the Carthaginian, ** or may we be content with our ordinary knowledge? Crassus took the part of the senate, and addressed the exhortation in the text to the people. τέχνη - praktische Übung als dritte Voraussetzung eines Redners, Nos personalia non concoquimus. ', "Gerade diese Vorübungen", fiel Sulpicius ein, "möchten wir gern kennenlernen; doch auch jene Kunstregeln, die du nur kurz durchlaufen hast, wünschen wir zu hören, obwohl sie uns nicht ganz neu sind. Publication date 1875 Topics Oratory, Ancient Publisher New York : Harper & Brothers Collection kellylibrary; toronto Digitizing sponsor MSN Contributor Kelly - University of Toronto Language English. Iam vocis et spiritus et totius corporis et ipsius linguae motus et exercitationes non tam artis indigent quam laboris; quibus in rebus habenda est ratio diligenter, quos imitemur, quorum similes velimus esse. (44)   He wrote eight-and-twenty books on country affairs in the Punic language, which were translated into Latin, by order of the senate, by Cassius Dionysius of Utica. What particular law did he recite? Hierauf hielt ich es für zweckmäßig – und dieses Verfahren wandte ich in der reiferen Jugend an –, griechische Reden der größten Redner in freier Übersetzung wiederzugeben. Proust. But in eloquence there are many qualities that captivate; and, if they are not all of the highest excellence, and yet most of them are praiseworthy, those that are of the highest excellence must necessarily excite admiration. (42)   In Iure. Tamás Nótári: Summum ius summa iniuria – remarks on a legal maxim of interpretation . [250] Or, if any case, a little more obscure than ordinary, should be brought to us, it would, I presume, be difficult to communicate with our friend Scaevola here; although indeed the parties, whose concern it is, bring nothing to us that has not been thoroughly considered and investigated. The orator, accordingly, may be ignorant of all this part of the law relative to controversies, ** which is without doubt the far greater part; [242] but on those points which are disputed, even among the most skilful lawyers, it will not be difficult for the orator to find some writer of authority on that side, whichsoever it be, that he is to defend, from whom, when he has received his javelins ready for throwing, he will hurl them with the arm and strength of an orator.  Si quater egisti, si contigit aureus unus,   See b. ii. [196] And if our country has our love, as it ought to have in the highest degree, our country, I say, of which the force and natural attraction is so strong, that one of the wisest of mankind preferred his Ithaca, fixed, like a little nest, among the roughest of rocks, to immortality itself, with what affection ought we to be warmed towards such a country as ours, which, pre-eminently above all other countries, is the seat of virtue, empire, and dignity? Cicero, De Oratore Book 1 Translated by J. S. Watson Formatted by C. Chinn I. This paper. ", {48.} Literature. But under the emperors there was not the same encouragement for these great men to study that science; the orators, therefore, fell of necessity into the Greek custom. A definition is a short and concise specification of whatever properly belongs to the thing which we would define. Scaevola then said, "Indeed, I could wish that I had not made an appointment with Laelius to go to that part of the Tusculan territory today. Hüränsöhn schreibt: März 8, 2012 um 22:05 Diese unnötige Scheiße braucht ja wirklich niemand hier und falls doch, sind sie Opfer ;P Gruß Sithis. Der Autor fingiert ein Treffen, das im Jahr 91 v. Chr. ** And as to what you added, that the senate not only can but ought to be slaves to the people, what philosopher is so effeminate, so languid, so enervated, so eager to refer everything to bodily pleasure or pain, as to allow that the senate should be the slaves of the people, to whom the people themselves have delivered the power, like certain reins as it were, to guide and govern them? de Cicéron 1, 150 ff. ), Ciceros rhetorisches Bildungsideal in "De oratore".. Sokrates, Cicero. De oratore - Cícero. (53)   Retire from the heat, like Scaevola, and take rest. Kapitel der Poetik in Manfred Fuhrmanns Übersetzung (s. Anm. 1 section, 2 paragraphs, 2938 words (48)   Paeanem aut munionem. ', Auch müsst ihr gewisse Vorübungen anstellen, wiewohl ihr ja schon längst in vollem Lauf seid; doch die müssen es tun, die die Laufbahn erst betreten und das, was auf dem Forum wie auf einem Schlachtfeld ausgeführt werden muss, schon jetzt gleichsam durch spielende Vorübungen im voraus erlernen und einüben können. They were formulae which those who wished not to be deceived might use in buying and selling; they are called actiones by Varro, R. R. ii. iii. For I confess that the orator should be a knowing man, not quite a beginner or novice in any subject, not utterly ignorant or inexperienced in any business of life. 22-26 (ff. Home; Library; Cicero; Philosophia; De Oratore; De Oratore III ; 1 section, 2 paragraphs, 2895 words. carefully rev. But if he who is restricted to a certain modulation of numbers and feet, meditates, notwithstanding, something for his ease in the decline of life, how much more easily can we? search this work: J. Adam, A. M. Adam. Material (from Cicero de oratore, Brutus, orator) * 1a) de orat. Publius Ovidius Naso , Fasti. 1771-1831; Cicero, Marcus Tullius; Cicero, Marcus Tullius. De natura deorum was not the first text by Cicero they published (their first Cicero imprint was De Oratore, which is also the first book printed in Italy that is still extant), but it is a token to the popularity of the work with schools and humanists that they included it amongst their publications. Marcus Tullius Cicero, De Divinatione, De Oratore, In Catilinam, Pro Balbo, Pro Cluentio, Pro Quinctio, Rhetorica ad Herennium (attributed). Lapides omnes flere ac lamentari coegisses. Ernesti. Sat. Nostri consocii (. and many besides, who, after arriving at distinction by means of their ability, attained such influence, that in answering questions on points of law, ** they found their authority of more weight than even their ability. M. Tullius Cicero, De Oratore A. S. Wilkins, Ed. 0. Huius ignoratione non modo in vita, sed saepissime et in poematis et in oratione peccatur. Can you add one? 1909); München, Goldmann, o.J. I have often heard that, when Publius Crassus was a candidate for the aedileship, and Servius Galba, though older than he, and even of consular dignity, attended upon him to promote his interest, (having betrothed Crassus's daughter to his son Gaius,) there came a countryman to Crassus to consult him on some matter of law; and when he had taken Crassus aside, and laid the affair before him, and received from him such an answer as was rather right than suited to his wishes, Galba, seeing him look dejected, called him by his name, and asked him on what matter he had consulted Crassus; when, having heard his case, and seeing the man in great trouble, [240] 'I perceive,' said he, 'that Crassus gave you an answer while his mind was anxious, and pre-occupied with other affairs.' **, {47.} The principal speakers are the orators Lucius Licinius Crassus (140-91 BCE) and Marcus Antonius (143-87 BCE), the grandfather of the Triumvir. Lucret. [207] "I request of you then, Antonius," said Crassus, "since this task is put upon men of our time of life by the studious inclinations of these youths, to deliver your sentiments upon these subjects which, you see, are required from you. But in Cicero's time the Patroni causarum, or advocates, though they studied nothing but oratory, and were in general ignorant of the law, yet did not make use of any of these low people called Pragmatici, as the Greeks did at that time, but upon any doubts on the law, applied themselves to men of the greatest reputation in that science, such as the Scaevolae. Hierauf muss die Rede aus diesen häuslichen und in der Schule vorgenommenen Übungen hinausgeführt werden mitten in den Heereszug, in den Staub, in das Kriegsgeschrei, in das Feldlager und in die Schlachtreihen des Forums; von allen Dingen muss man sich Erfahrung einsammeln und seine Geisteskräfte versuchen und die eingeschlossenen Vorübungen an das helle Licht der Wirklichkeit hervorziehen. 0. Cicero, De Oratore Book 3 Translated by J. S. Watson Formatted by C. Chinn I. E. W. Sutton. τέχνη - praktische Übung als dritte Voraussetzung eines Redners Cic.de orat.1,147-159: Vortrag des Crassus: 3.) READ PAPER. [236] For if you were to say, that he who is a lawyer is also an orator, and that he who is an orator is also a lawyer, you would make two excellent branches of knowledge, each equal to the other, and sharers of the same dignity; but now you allow that a man may be a lawyer without the eloquence which we are considering, and that there have been many such; and you deny that a man can be an orator who has not acquired a knowledge of law. Manutius. Does any one claim an inheritance under a will, which the father of a family made before he had a son born? Create a free account to download. File: PDF, 4.91 MB. Click on ** to go to the translator's footnotes. Dies sind alle Übersetzungen von Texten aus dem Werk De Oratore von Marcus Tullius Cicero. 2, Brutus, 67; Plutarch, Cicero, 9). Year: 2013. Cicero, a Roman statesman, lawyer, political theorist, philosopher, and Roman constitutionalist, lived in 106–43 BC. … What did he explain in his speech that was unintelligible to the unlearned? He was consul with Gnaeus Domitius, 162 B.C. M. TVLLI CICERONIS DE ORATORE AD QVINTVM FRATREM LIBER TERTIVS 1 ... [150] In propriis igitur est [verbis] illa laus oratoris, ut abiecta atque obsoleta fugiat, lectis atque inlustribus utatur, in quibus plenum quiddam et sonans inesse videatur. Crassus was supporting the Servilian law. Cicero defends himself by the example of their 'god Plato,' as he calls him, in his book De Republica; where the scene being laid in the house of an old gentleman, Cephalus, the old man, after bearing a part in the first conversation, excuses himself, saying, that he must go to prayers, and returns no more, Plato not thinking it suitable to his age to be detained in the company through so long a discourse. 10. Primary Source Synopses . Ernesti. v. Mühl, Klaus, M.Tullius Cicero: The Lost and Unpublished Orations, Historisches und Oratorisches zur ersten Catilinaria (Cicero), Primmer, Adolf: Historisches und Oratorisches zur ersten Catilinaria, Orator. Astell , A. vii. Doch später bemerkte ich, dieses Verfahren sei mit dem Übelstand verbunden, dass die für den jedesmaligen Gegenstand geeignetsten, schönsten und besten Ausdrücke entweder Ennius, wenn ich mich nach dessen Versen übte, oder Gracchus, wenn ich mir etwa eine Rede von diesem zum Vorbild gewählt hatte, vorweggenommen hatten; auf solche Weise nütze mir eine solche Übung nichts, wenn ich mich derselben Worte bediene, ja schade mir sogar, wenn anderer, da ich mich gewöhnte, minder geeignete zu gebrauchen.   |    Inde cadunt partes ex foedere Pragmaticorum. The work is composed as a dialogue and in Book 2 Marcus Antonius Orator (143-97 BC), a famous orator, and Quintus Catulus (149-87 BC), Roman general and also orator, are the main speakers. Ancient Roman Lawyers and Modern Legal Ideals: Studies . [212] But if it should be asked, 'Who truly deserved the name of a lawyer?' vere enim etiam illud dicitur, perverse dicere homines perverse dicendo facillime consequi. Ancient Roman Lawyers and Modern Legal Ideals: Studies.   |   06.06.19 (19)   Most copies have aget; Pearce, with the minority, prefers agit. It is not enjoined, let me observe, by the nature of things, or by any law or custom, that one man must not know more than one art; [216] and therefore, though Pericles was the best orator in Athens, and was also for many years director of the public counsels in that city, the talent for both those characters must not be thought to belong to the same art because it existed in the same man; nor if Publius Crassus was both an orator and a lawyer, is the knowledge of the civil law for that reason included in the power of speaking. Cicero De Oratore (55 B.C.) Buch/Stelle Link; kompl: gutenberg.spiegel.de: schon 6777 mal geklickt: 1, 137-141: latein24.de: schon 6743 mal geklickt: 1, 142-144: latein24.de: schon 6729 mal geklickt: 1, 30-34: latein24.de: schon 6744 mal geklickt: Lesen mit Felix 1. 30 Full PDFs related to this paper. Not a single individual uttered a groan; not one of the advocates gave vent to an exclamation; no one showed any appearance of grief; no one complained; no one supplicated, no one implored the mercy of the public. I should think that we ought to settle, at the outset, what a general is; and when he was defined to be a commander for conducting a war, we might then proceed to speak of troops, of encampments, of marching in battle array, of engagements, of besieging towns, of provisions, of laying and avoiding ambushes, and other matters relative to the management of a war; and those who had the capacity and knowledge to direct such affairs I should call generals; and should adduce the examples of the Africani and Maximi, and speak of Epaminondas, and Hannibal, and men of such character. For, whether any person is attracted by the study of antiquity, ** there is, in every part of the civil law, in the pontifical books, and in the Twelve Tables, abundance of instruction as to ancient matters, since not only the original sense of words is thence understood, but certain kinds of law proceedings illustrate the customs and lives of our ancestors; or if he has a view to the science of government (which Scaevola judges not to belong to the orator, but to science of another sort), he will find it all comprised in the Twelve Tables, every advantage of civil government, and every part of it being there described; or if authoritative and vaunting philosophy delight him, (I will speak very boldly,) he will find there the sources of all the philosophers' disputations, which lie in civil laws and enactments; [194] for from these we perceive that virtue is above all things desirable, since honest, just, and conscientious industry is ennobled with honours, rewards, and distinctions; but the vices and frauds of mankind are punished by fines, ignominy, imprisonment, stripes, banishment, and death; and we are taught, not by disputations endless and full of discord, but by the authority and mandate of the laws, to hold our appetites in subjection, to restrain all our passions, to defend our own property, and to keep our thoughts, eyes, and hands, from that of others.

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